GROUP A
GROUP B
GROUP C
GROUP D
What do loose diamonds have in common with a pile of coal? More than you might think; in fact in geological terms, loose diamonds are nothing more than glorified lumps of coal. The differences are:
- the arrangement of the carbon atoms
- how each material is formed
Even when it comes to the formation of diamonds, the difference between processes is one of degree rather than mechanics. Here then is some interesting information for potential buyers of wholesale certified diamonds.
Carbon is Carbon
Some may remember an episode of the old "Superman" TV series from the 1950s in which Clark Kent created a diamond by compacting a lump of coal in his fist. While it is doubtful that even the "Man of Steel" could exert such preternatural geologic forces as take place deep in the earth, the concept illustrated was essentially correct - those loose diamonds that eventually wind up at diamond dealers who sell them to jewelers are made of carbon that has been subjected to extremely high pressures of 60 kilobars (for comparison, that's 60,000 times normal air pressure at sea level) and temperatures of over 2300 degrees Fahrenheit (structural steel melts at around 1520° F)!
The pressure and heat needed to create diamond is found only at the earth's lithosphere where the crust meets the upper mantle - about 90 - 240 miles beneath the surface. Diamonds can also form when a meteorite strikes the surface of the earth, creating similar conditions or are carried on within the meteorite (some diamonds do come from outer space!).
Coal on the other hand is formed from the decaying remains of ancient plant matter that has also been compressed by geologic forces, but much closer to the surface. In chemical terms, carbon atoms that make up carbon molecules are arranged in a flat, hexagonal pattern, making them much more brittle. In diamond however, they are arranged in a tetrahedral, or box-like structure. This is what accounts for the hardness of loose diamonds.
Can One Turn Into the Other?
Eventually, if a coal deposit sinks low enough into the earth and is subjected to high pressure and temperature, it can become diamond. Theoretically, diamond could also change into coal, if kept free of chemical reactions that color the gems and stabilize the surface, then subjected to a vacuum. This is unlikely outside of controlled laboratory conditions, however.
Loose Diamonds Are Made, Not Born
What we refer to as loose diamonds do not occur naturally. Once diamond is mined, it is categorized into "industrial grade" and "gem grade." The latter category is what is subject to diamond appraisal, and naturally is of primary interest to diamond dealers.
The raw diamond is cut into loose diamonds, then carefully carved and shaped by craftsmen into forms suitable for decorative jewelry. This stage can have a great impact on the value of loose diamonds as determined by a diamond appraisal, and must be done with painstaking care and uncommon skill.
Wholesale certified diamonds must also be analyzed and graded by a professional gemology lab. It is here that the stones are evaluated for carat, color and clarity. Along with the results of the diamond appraisal> which evaluates the cut, they provide the basis of valuation.
written by: Jonathon Blocker
Read More »»
- the arrangement of the carbon atoms
- how each material is formed
Even when it comes to the formation of diamonds, the difference between processes is one of degree rather than mechanics. Here then is some interesting information for potential buyers of wholesale certified diamonds.
Carbon is Carbon
Some may remember an episode of the old "Superman" TV series from the 1950s in which Clark Kent created a diamond by compacting a lump of coal in his fist. While it is doubtful that even the "Man of Steel" could exert such preternatural geologic forces as take place deep in the earth, the concept illustrated was essentially correct - those loose diamonds that eventually wind up at diamond dealers who sell them to jewelers are made of carbon that has been subjected to extremely high pressures of 60 kilobars (for comparison, that's 60,000 times normal air pressure at sea level) and temperatures of over 2300 degrees Fahrenheit (structural steel melts at around 1520° F)!
The pressure and heat needed to create diamond is found only at the earth's lithosphere where the crust meets the upper mantle - about 90 - 240 miles beneath the surface. Diamonds can also form when a meteorite strikes the surface of the earth, creating similar conditions or are carried on within the meteorite (some diamonds do come from outer space!).
Coal on the other hand is formed from the decaying remains of ancient plant matter that has also been compressed by geologic forces, but much closer to the surface. In chemical terms, carbon atoms that make up carbon molecules are arranged in a flat, hexagonal pattern, making them much more brittle. In diamond however, they are arranged in a tetrahedral, or box-like structure. This is what accounts for the hardness of loose diamonds.
Can One Turn Into the Other?
Eventually, if a coal deposit sinks low enough into the earth and is subjected to high pressure and temperature, it can become diamond. Theoretically, diamond could also change into coal, if kept free of chemical reactions that color the gems and stabilize the surface, then subjected to a vacuum. This is unlikely outside of controlled laboratory conditions, however.
Loose Diamonds Are Made, Not Born
What we refer to as loose diamonds do not occur naturally. Once diamond is mined, it is categorized into "industrial grade" and "gem grade." The latter category is what is subject to diamond appraisal, and naturally is of primary interest to diamond dealers.
The raw diamond is cut into loose diamonds, then carefully carved and shaped by craftsmen into forms suitable for decorative jewelry. This stage can have a great impact on the value of loose diamonds as determined by a diamond appraisal, and must be done with painstaking care and uncommon skill.
Wholesale certified diamonds must also be analyzed and graded by a professional gemology lab. It is here that the stones are evaluated for carat, color and clarity. Along with the results of the diamond appraisal> which evaluates the cut, they provide the basis of valuation.
written by: Jonathon Blocker
Pada harga serendah dari RM2,299 untuk L310 dan dari RM1,899 untuk L300, ia pastinya komputer riba yang mampu dimiliki.
TOSHIBA baru-baru ini melancarkan beberapa siri produk terbaru yang cukup inovatif. Bermula dengan komputer riba yang mampu dibeli oleh pengguna, Satellite L310 dan L300 disasarkan kepada perbelanjaan kos rendah atau bajet.
Siap dilengkapi dengan perisian komputer asas, produk ini mempamerkan resolusi skrin yang tinggi iaitu Clear SuperView TFT, kawalan cahaya tinggi, DVD SuperMulti Double Layer Drive, pembaca kad lima dalam satu, kamera dalaman, USB Sleep, Bluetooth v2.1 dan pelbagai ciri-ciri lain.
Salah satu teknologi menarik milikToshiba ialah teknologi yang dikenali sebagai Smartface. Ia membenarkan pengguna melayari sistem pengkomputeran dengan mudah dan selesa. Smartface merakamkan gambar wajah pengguna secara digital untuk membolehkan pengguna menghasilkan satu kata laluan khas. Apabila pengguna memulakan sistem komputer, ia akan mengecam wajah pengguna sebelum memberi laluan penggunaan.
Ia juga mengecam wajah pengguna yang berlainan. Dengan kebolehan versatil sistem ini, pengguna tidak lagi perlu mengingati bermacam-macam kata laluan atau menaip perkataan. Kelebihan ini sekali gus membuka peluang pengguna yang cerah dalam kalangan ahli keluarga.
Read More »»
amazing...cool....
Christian Bale once again embodies the man behind the mask in "The Dark Knight." The film reunites Bale with director Christopher Nolan and takes Batman across the world in his quest to fight a growing criminal threat. With the help of Lieutenant Jim Gordon (Gary Oldman) and District Attorney Harvey Dent (Aaron Eckhart), Batman has been making headway against local crime...until a rising criminal mastermind known as The Joker (Heath Ledger) unleashes a fresh reign of chaos across Gotham City. To stop this devious new menace--Batman's most personal and vicious enemy yet--he will have to use every high-tech weapon in his arsenal and confront everything he believes.
In 1957, Colonel-Doctor Irina Spalko (Cate Blanchett) leads a convoy of Soviet soldiers infiltrating a military base in the Nevada desert called "Hangar 51", where they force Indiana Jones (Harrison Ford) to lead them to a crate holding the remains of an extraterrestrial creature that crashed ten years before in Roswell, New Mexico. When Jones attempts to escape, he is foiled by his old partner, George "Mac" McHale (Ray Winstone), who reveals that he is working with the Soviets. Jones then escapes on a rocket sled into the desert, where he stumbles upon a nuclear test town and survives a nuclear blast by hiding in a lead-lined refrigerator. While being debriefed, Jones discovers he is under FBI investigation because his friend Mac is a Soviet agent. Jones returns to Marshall College, where he is offered a leave of absence to avoid being fired because of the investigation. While leaving, Jones is stopped by Mutt Williams (Shia LaBeouf) and told that his old colleague, Harold Oxley (John Hurt), disappeared after discovering a crystal skull in Peru.
In Peru, Jones and Mutt discover that Oxley was locked in an insane asylum until Soviet soldiers kidnapped him. In Oxley's former cell, Jones discovers clues to the grave of Francisco de Orellana, a Conquistador who went missing in the 1500s while seeking Akator (also known as El Dorado). Jones finds the crystal skull that Oxley hid in Orellana's grave in the Nazca Lines. The skull is elongated in the shape that indigenous peoples formed their own skulls into. The Soviets capture Indy and Mutt and take them to the camp where they are holding Oxley and Mutt's mother, Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen), who reveals that Mutt is Jones's son. The Soviets believe the skull is from an extraterrestrial life-form, holding great psychic power. The four escape from the camp, leading to a lengthy vehicle chase, involving sword fights and several Soviet soldiers being killed by army ants. Mutt, Marion, Mac, Oxley, and Jones ride an amphibious truck over a cliff and down three waterfalls, eventually finding the Temple of Akator. Claiming that he is a double agent working against the Soviets, Mac enters the temple with Jones and the group.
The group enters the temple and Jones uses the skull to open the door to a chamber tomb. Inside, thirteen crystal skeletons, one with a missing skull, are seated on thrones. When the Soviets arrive, Mac reveals that he lied about being a double agent. When Spalko places the skull onto the skeleton, it begins communicating to the group through Oxley using an ancient Mayan dialect. Jones translates this to mean that the aliens want to give them a great gift. Spalko demands to know everything, and the skulls begin firing knowledge into her eyes, causing her to shake. As a portal to another dimension appears over the room, Oxley regains his sanity and explains that the aliens are inter-dimensional beings who taught the Maya their advanced technology. Indy, Mutt, Marion, and Oxley escape from the temple, but Mac is sucked into the portal. The skeletons form into a single alien which continues to feed Spalko with knowledge; however, the knowledge overwhelms Spalko, causing her to ignite and disintegrate, with her essence being absorbed into the portal above. The temple crumbles, and a flying saucer rises from the debris and disappears. Back home, Jones is made an associate dean and marries Marion.
source from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_4 Read More »»www.meebo.com
www.ebuddy.com
i use web page above as replacement for my messenger because im using internet connection which is protected by a proxy.
it's easy to use,reliable,and user friendly.
feel free to try it.
Good morning everybody, or so it is here. Today I will be showing you a very simple way of doing a magazine page curl effect with adobe Photoshop so just keep reading.
First load in an image of a magazine in a separate layer, scale it down so it does not fit all the screen size.
Now hold down ctrl and click the magazine layer in the layers panel to load the selection.
Choose the polygonal lasso tool and set its selection mode to intersect with selection then click a triangular selection at the right bottom corner as shown below.
Make a new layer and fill the selection with a random color (we will change it later).
hold down ctrl and press T for get the free transform tool, then drag the bottom right corner up against the left upper corner and past it to "flip" the shape.
Now in the layers panel double click the new layer to get to the layers styles panel and give it settings as shown below.
Now we will reshape the page curl a bit, so go to edit -> transform -> wrap and drag a bit with the wrap tool to get the result I got below, (its about making the edges bend a bit).
Now select the magazine layer in the layers panel at the same time with the page curl, then right click and choose merge layers.
Now double click the layer we got left and give it these settings
Now we are done, you can now do some perspective transform to make the magazine look like its placed on a table or something.
Taken from http://www.tutorialized.com/view/tutorial/Simple-magazine-page-curl/35108 Read More »»
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
